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Maintenance of lean mass may protect against further reduction in BMR and further increase in the prevalence of obesity after SCI. Persons with SCI often consume a high-fat diet of 35%-40% fat, well above the recommended level of 30% which is typical of the standard American diet7-9. Caloric intake and percentage macronutrients were analyzed using dietary recalls. BMI and waist hip ratio measurements are one of the important tools to assess obesity and mostly used in studies evaluating the relationship between total testosterone and obesity. Androgen deficiency in males (mainly total testosterone) has been investigated in several parts of the world in recent years. Descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, range and frequency were computed for all the variables including age, testosterone, BMI, Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR). Hip circumference was measured at the level of the greatest protrusion of the gluteal (buttock) muscles.
Magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to measure changes in body composition. To highlight the effects of dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on body composition after SCI Serum total testosterone has a significant negative correlation with BMI of middle aged men working at Dow University. BMI comparison (according to the new Asian BMI classification by WHO)12 between low and normal groups of total testosterone in present study is shown in Table-III. Blood sampling was carried out to measure serum total testosterone (TT) using facilities of Chemiluminescence assay (CLIA) technique in Dow Chemical Laboratory. Incorporating regular resistance training and strength-training exercises into your routine (which are different from aerobic exercise) can help build lean muscle.
Interestingly, the average time spent in HR Zone 1 and HR Zone 2 increased from pre-TRT (25.8 minutes) to Phase 2 TRT (46.7 minutes), while exercise time in HR Zone 3 and HR Zone 4 was highest during Phase 1 TRT (30.4 minutes). Although this study is limited to observational case reports, changes may be mediated by hormones, physical activity, and exercise alterations. Next, the findings demonstrate a robust surge in both total testosterone, free testosterone, and estradiol during Phase 1 TRT, reflecting a strong anabolic response to TRT. Time in HR Zone 5 remained consistent across all phases, indicating stable but limited high-intensity engagement.
Overall mean waist circumference and WHR in the present study was 36 (±3.365) inches and 0.94(± 0.0474) respectively, which is slightly different with mean waist circumference and WHR of 37.4 inches and 0.92 respectively reported in England health survey for Pakistani men.19 To measure the strength of the linear relationship between testosterone and BMI Pearson Correlation was applied as shown in Table-IV. Mean (±SD) BMI was 24.95 (±3.828) kg/m2 indicative of overweight range of BMI classification for Asian population. Table-I shows descriptive statistics of 200 healthy subjects aged between 30 to 50 years. Pearson correlation was applied to determine co-relation and its strength between testosterone and BMI along with WHR.
BMR increased significantly after 3 months of testosterone treatment (mean, 10%; P less than 0.01; 13% mean increase in the men with muscular dystrophy and 7% mean increase in the normal subjects).